Publications · Peer-reviewed research

The research behind TERA.

Peer-reviewed work in Bayesian machine learning, uncertainty quantification and evidence-governed AI. These methods shape how TERA products handle evidence, risk and doubt.

7 peer-reviewed papers6 journals2024 to 2026
Publication record

Seven papers, each with its DOI.

Each entry gives the journal, the authors, the core contribution and a direct link to the paper. View counts and impact claims are left out on purpose.

7 shown
2026June

Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, 8(6):151Open access

BRAG: Bayesian Retrieval-Augmented Generation; A Methodological Framework for Evidence-Governed Decision Support

Lebede Ngartera, Saralees Nadarajah, Rodoumta Koina, Youssou Gningue

A Bayesian framework that measures uncertainty over retrieved evidence and carries it into generation, so a system can qualify, defer or abstain when support is insufficient.

2026March

Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 19(3):173

Stochastic Inventory Optimization with Coherent Risk Measures: A Decision-Theoretic Framework for Probabilistic Forecasting and Constrained Optimization

Lebede Ngartera, Saralees Nadarajah, Rodoumta Koina, Youssou Gningue

Links calibrated quantile forecasts to constrained inventory decisions, and judges them by tail risk (Conditional Value-at-Risk) rather than average performance alone.

Read the paperDOI 10.3390/jrfm19030173
2026January

Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Volume 8

Bayesian RAG: Uncertainty-Aware Retrieval for Reliable Financial Question Answering

Lebede Ngartera, Saralees Nadarajah, Rodoumta Koina

Builds uncertainty into retrieval with Monte Carlo Dropout and a risk-sensitive score that balances relevance against uncertainty in financial question answering.

Read the paperDOI 10.3389/frai.2025.1668172Related product: BRAG Finance
2025May

Frontiers in Built Environment, Volume 11

Enhancing Autonomous Systems with Bayesian Neural Networks: A Probabilistic Framework

Lebede Ngartera, Saralees Nadarajah

Uses Bayesian neural networks in autonomous navigation so that predictive uncertainty triggers more cautious behavior under noisy sensing, bad weather and unfamiliar traffic.

Read the paperDOI 10.3389/fbuil.2025.1597255
2025May

IEEE Access, Volume 13

Hybrid Naïve Bayes Models for Scam Detection: Comparative Insights From Email and Financial Fraud

Lebede Ngartera, Mahamat Ali Issaka, Saralees Nadarajah

Compares interpretable Naïve Bayes models with hybrid deep-learning and ensemble methods on email phishing and highly imbalanced card-fraud data.

Read the paperDOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3569216
2024November

Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, 6(4)

Application of Bayesian Neural Networks in Healthcare: Three Case Studies

Lebede Ngartera, Mahamat Ali Issaka, Saralees Nadarajah

Three clinical cases, including diabetes outcomes and early Alzheimer’s detection, showing how predictive accuracy and uncertainty can be weighed together.

Read the paperDOI 10.3390/make6040127
2024September

Open Journal of Optimization, Volume 13

A Comparative Study of Optimization Techniques on the Rosenbrock Function

Lebede Ngartera, Coumba Diallo

Benchmarks gradient descent, momentum and adaptive methods on a hard non-convex function, comparing convergence speed and stability.

Read the paperDOI 10.4236/ojop.2024.133004
In preparation

Next: environmental evidence.

Working paper · not yet peer reviewed

Environmental Concordance Framework: evidence-bounded interpretation of PM2.5 episodes

A deterministic method that interprets air-quality episodes only as far as independent evidence agrees, and abstains otherwise. First results cover 116 episodes in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, from 2022 to 2025.

Related product: TEI
Research areas

Where the work is concentrated.

Bayesian machine learningUncertainty quantificationEvidence-governed AIDecision intelligenceHealthcare AIAutonomous systemsEnvironmental intelligenceOptimization and risk

Every project follows the TERA standard: Trustworthiness, Efficiency, Reliability and Accountability. Read our philosophy.

Research collaboration

Advance trustworthy AI with scientific discipline.

We work with researchers, universities and public-interest organizations on uncertainty-aware systems, evidence governance and evaluation.